Enhancing Ethereum Interoperability: Key Challenges and Solutions
Introduction to Ethereum Interoperability
Ethereum's growing ecosystem demands efficient interoperability between Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) solutions. As adoption of L2 increases, seamless cross-layer interactions become crucial for users managing assets across different layers.
Key Challenges
Two main challenges arise in achieving this interoperability. First, users need a simplified method to change access keys across multiple accounts without excessive transactions. Second, the secure handling of counterfactual addresses—addresses not yet on-chain but required to hold funds—is essential.
Proposed Solutions: Asset/Keystore Separation
A novel architecture, asset/keystore separation, is proposed to tackle these issues. Users would have a keystore contract that contains their verification key and rules for key modifications. Wallet contracts on L1 and various L2s would access this key through cross-chain interactions.
Implementation Variants
Two implementations are suggested. The "light version" involves local storage of the verification key by each wallet, updated via cross-chain proof of the keystore's state. Alternatively, the "heavy version" demands cross-chain proof for every transaction, reducing keystore update costs but increasing transaction expenses.
Proof Schemes and Cost Reduction
Five types of proof schemes, including Merkle and Verkle proofs, are highlighted for their strengths and weaknesses. Cross-chain proofs are crucial for efficient transactions. Long-term, proof aggregation through bundling user operations can lower costs. L2 solutions should minimize the latency of L1 state readings, and keystores should reside on L1 or high-security zero-knowledge rollup L2s.
Conclusion: Toward Enhanced Privacy and Security
Ethereum is progressing towards improved cross-chain interactions, focusing on asset/keystore separation and enhanced privacy. These developments aim to optimize Ethereum's interoperability, ensuring a more seamless and secure user experience.
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